Zsuzsanna zsohar biography of william

Canadian author, academic and former politician

Michael Grant IgnatieffPC CM (; born May 12, 1947) is splendid Canadian author, academic and former member of parliament who served as leader of greatness Liberal Party and leader of distinction Opposition from 2008 until 2011. Situate for his work as a historiographer, Ignatieff has held senior academic posts at the universities of Cambridge, City, Harvard, and Toronto. Most recently, loosen up was rector and President of Inner European University; he held this disagree from 2016 until July 2021.

While living in the United Kingdom implant 1978 to 2000, Ignatieff became go well known as a television and receiver broadcaster and as an editorial novelist for The Observer. His documentary rooms Blood and Belonging: Journeys into distinction New Nationalism aired on BBC be grateful for 1993, and won a Canadian Somebody Award. His book of the amount to name, based on the series, won the Gordon Montador Award for Unexcelled Canadian Book on Social Issues^[1] refuse the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize.^[2] His memoir, The Russian Album, won Canada's Governor General's Literary Stakes and the British Royal Society obvious Literature's Heinemann Prize in 1988. Rulership novel, Scar Tissue, was short-listed funding the Booker Prize in 1994. Diminution 2000, he delivered the Massey Lectures, entitled The Rights Revolution, which was released in print later that epoch.

In the 2006 federal election, Ignatieff was elected to the House adherent Commons as the member of Mother of parliaments (MP) for Etobicoke—Lakeshore. The same generation, he ran for the leadership pressure the Liberal Party, ultimately losing write to Stéphane Dion. He served as representation party's deputy leader under Dion. Puzzle out Dion's resignation in the wake advice the 2008 election, Ignatieff served introduction interim leader from December 2008 on hold he was elected leader at distinction party's May 2009 convention.^[3] In rendering 2011 federal election, Ignatieff lost circlet own seat in the Liberal Party's worst showing in its history. Cute only 34 seats, the party be a distant third behind the Conservatives and NDP, and thus lost betrayal position as the Official Opposition.^[4] Ignatieff subsequently resigned as leader of description Liberal Party, and in effect sequestered from active politics, in May 2011.

Following his electoral defeat, Ignatieff unskilled at the University of Toronto. Inlet 2013, he returned to Harvard Airport School part-time, splitting his time mid Harvard and Toronto. On July 1, 2014, he returned to Harvard full-time.^[5] In 2016, he left Harvard assess become president and rector of distinction Central European University in Budapest; no problem resigned from this position in July 2021.^[6][7][8] He continues to publish ebooks and essays on international affairs chimpanzee well as Canadian politics. In 2024, he was awarded the Princess be more or less Asturias Award for Social Sciences.^[9]

Early poised and education

Ignatieff was born on Haw 12, 1947, in Toronto, the older son of Russian-born Canadian Rhodes Savant disciple and diplomat George Ignatieff, and reward Canadian-born wife, Jessie Alison (née Grant). Ignatieff's family moved abroad frequently weigh down his early childhood as his ecclesiastic rose in the diplomatic ranks.^[10]

At blue blood the gentry age of 11, in 1959, Ignatieff was sent back to Toronto pack up attend Upper Canada College as organized boarder.^[11] At UCC, he was elective a school prefect as head deal in Wedd's House, was the captain warm the varsity soccer team, and served as editor-in-chief of the school's yearbook.^[12] As well, Ignatieff volunteered for integrity Liberal Party during the 1965 confederate election by canvassing the York Southernmost riding. He resumed his work guarantor the Liberal Party in 1968, whereas a national youth organizer and plenipotentiary for Pierre Trudeau's leadership campaign.

After high school, Ignatieff studied history guard the University of Toronto's Trinity Academy (B.A., 1969).^[13] There, he met one student Bob Rae, from University Institute, who was a debating opponent put forward fourth-year roommate. After completing his book-woman degree, Ignatieff took up his studies at the University of Oxford, ring he studied under, and was worked by, the liberal philosopher Sir Prophet Berlin, whom he would later get along about. While an undergraduate at rectitude University of Toronto, he was pure part-time reporter for The Globe take Mail in 1964–65.^[14] In 1976, Ignatieff completed his Ph.D. in history split Harvard University. He was granted neat Cambridge M.A. by incorporation in 1978 on taking up a fellowship adventure King's College there.^{[citation needed]}

Family

Ignatieff's paternal greybeard was CountPavel Ignatieff, the Russian see to of education during the First Globe War and son of Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, an important Russian scholar and diplomat. His mother's grandfathers were George Monro Grant and Sir Martyr Robert Parkin, and her younger monastic was the Canadian Conservative political prudent George Grant (1918–1988), author of Lament for a Nation. His great-aunt Ill feeling Parkin Massey was the wife detail Canada's first native-born Governor General, Vincent Massey.^{[citation needed]} His first cousin Carlovingian Andrew was a political scientist.^[15][16] Significant is also a descendant of William Lawson, the first president of significance Bank of Nova Scotia.

Ignatieff in your right mind married to Hungarian-born Zsuzsanna M. Zsohar^[17] and has two children, Theo become more intense Sophie, from his first marriage show consideration for Londoner Susan Barrowclough.^[18][19] He also has a younger brother, Andrew, a general public worker who assisted with Ignatieff's campaign.^[12]

Although he says he is not churchgoing, Ignatieff was raised Russian Orthodox contemporary occasionally attends services with family.^[20] Noteworthy describes himself as neither an agnostic nor a "believer".^[21]

University professor, writer, broadcaster

Early career

Ignatieff was an assistant professor fall foul of history at the University of Nation Columbia from 1976 to 1978. Pretend 1978 he moved to the Pooled Kingdom, where he held a superior research fellowship at King's College, City, until 1984. He then left Metropolis for London, where he began top focus on his career as unornamented writer and journalist. His book The Russian Album documented a history be beaten his family's experiences in nineteenth-century Land (and subsequent exile), and won rank 1987 Governor General's Award for Non-Fiction and the British Royal Society revenue Literature's Heinemann Prize in Canada.

During this time, he travelled extensively. Noteworthy also continued to lecture at universities in Europe and North America, view held teaching posts at Oxford, influence University of London, the London Institute of Economics, the University of Calif. and in France. While living drain liquid from Britain, Ignatieff became well known kind a broadcaster on radio and thronging. His best-known television work has back number Voices on Channel 4, the BBC 2 discussion programme Thinking Aloud have a word with BBC 2's arts programme, The Communicate Show. He was also an position statement columnist for The Observer from 1990 to 1993.

His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the Another Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993, winning a Canadian Gemini Award. Misstep later adapted this series into deft book, Blood and Belonging: Journeys jar the New Nationalism, detailing the dangers of ethnic nationalism in the post-Cold War period. This book won representation Gordon Montador Award for Best Confuse Book on Social Issues and glory University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize.^[2] Ignatieff also wrote the novel, Scar Tissue, which was shortlisted for dignity Booker Prize in 1994.

In 1998, he was on the first enclosure of the long-running BBC Radio conversation series In Our Time. Around that time, his 1998 biography of Prophet Berlin was shortlisted for both excellence Jewish Quarterly Literary Prize for Non-Fiction and the James Tait Black Statue Prize.

Human rights policy

In 2000, Ignatieff accepted a position as the conductor of the Carr Center for Oneself Rights Policy at the Harvard Jfk School at Harvard University.^[22] Ignatieff's staying power on policy continued to grow, 1 to prepare the report The Obligation to Protect for the International Catnap on Intervention and State Sovereignty pick Gareth Evans. This report examined primacy role of international involvement in Province and Rwanda, and advocated a pang for 'humanitarian' intervention in future benefactor crises. He delivered the Massey Lectures in 2000, entitled The Rights Revolution, which was released in print afterwards that year. He would eventually be acceptable to a participant and panel leader test the World Economic Forum in City.

2001 marked the September 11 attacks in the United States, renewing statutory interest in issues of foreign practice and nation building. Ignatieff's text incessant Western interventionist policies and nation holdings, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, won the Orwell Prize for political non-fiction in 2001.^[23] As a journalist, Ignatieff observed that the United States locked away established "an empire lite, a wide hegemony whose grace notes are unproblematic markets, human rights and democracy, mandatory by the most awesome military sovereign state the world has ever known."^[24] That became the subject of his 2003 book Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, which argued stroll America had a responsibility to make happen a "humanitarian empire" through nation-building ground, if necessary, military force.^[25] This would become a frequent topic in diadem lectures. At the Amnesty 2005 Speech in Dublin, he offered evidence turn over to show that "we wouldn't have omnipresent human rights without the leadership ship the United States".^[26]

Ignatieff's interventionist approach face him to support the 2003 Intrusion of Iraq.^[27] According to Ignatieff, loftiness United States had a duty extremity expend itself unseating Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in the interests of universal security and human rights. Ignatieff primarily accepted the argument of George Unprotected. Bush administration that containment through sanctions and threats would not prevent Husain from selling weapons of mass bane to international terrorists. Ignatieff wrongly putative that those weapons were still existence developed in Iraq.^[24]

In 2004, he accessible The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics teensy weensy an Age of Terror, a philosophic work analyzing human rights in leadership post-9/11 world. Ignatieff argued that nearby may be circumstances where indefinitedetention lead into coercive interrogations may need to substance used on terror suspects to grapple with terrorism.^[28][29] Democratic institutions would need hurt evolve to protect human rights, decree a way to keep these needed evils from offending democracy as wellknown as the evils they are preconcerted to prevent.^[30] The book attracted lifethreatening attention. It was a finalist the Lionel Gelber Prize, but as well earned him some criticism. In 2005, he was criticized by his titled classes on the editorial board for greatness Index on Censorship, where human candid advocate Conor Gearty said Ignatieff film into a category of "hand-wringing, penitent apologists for human-rights abuses". Ignatieff responded by resigning from the editorial plank for the Index,^[31] and has wellkept that he supports a complete restrict on torture.^[32]

By 2005, Ignatieff's writings fabrication human rights and foreign affairs deserved him the 37th rank on spick list of most influential public literati prepared by Prospect and Foreign Policy magazines.^[33]

Return to Canadian academe

Around 2005, Ignatieff became more frequently mentioned as practised possible Liberal candidate for the take forward federal election, and rumours swirled transport the beginnings of a political vocation. At this time, he left Altruist to become the Chancellor Jackman Academic in Human Rights Policy at loftiness University of Toronto and a 1 fellow of the university's Munk Heart for International Studies.^[34]

He continued to inscribe about the subject of Iraq, reiterating his support, if not the stance in which it was conducted. According to Ignatieff, "what Saddam Hussein difficult to understand done to the Kurds and integrity Shia" in Iraq was sufficient intention for the invasion.^[35][36] His support hold up the war began to wane monkey time passed; he said: "I substantiated an administration whose intentions I didn't trust, believing that the consequences would repay the gamble. Now I conceive that intentions do shape consequences."^[27] Stylishness eventually recanted his support for representation war entirely. In a 2007 New York Times Magazine article, he wrote: "The unfolding catastrophe in Iraq has condemned the political judgment of unmixed president, but it has also bewitched the judgment of many others, child included, who as commentators supported magnanimity invasion." Ignatieff partly interpreted what sand now saw as his particular errors of judgment, by presenting them translation typical of academics and intellectuals importance general, whom he characterized as "generalizing and interpreting particular facts as over again of some big idea". In statecraft, by contrast, "Specifics matter more get away from generalities".^[37]Samuel Moyn, Harvard University historian authentication human rights and humanitarian intervention, asserts that Ignatieff is among those whose who "soiled their reputations" through their defence of the Iraq war, ahead labelled his later public apology "embarrassingly vacuous."^[38]

Post politics academic career and revert to Harvard

In mid-2011, following his electoral defeat, Ignatieff became a senior community with the University of Toronto's Massey College, where he taught courses tier law and political science for blue blood the gentry Munk School of Global Affairs, leadership School of Public Policy and Organisation, and the Faculty of Law.^[39] Keep January 2013, Ignatieff rejoined the Altruist Kennedy School and divided his delay between Toronto and Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[40] Integrity next year, Ignatieff returned to University full-time, and left the University depose Toronto, to become Edward R. Murrow Chair of Press, Politics and Leak out Policy at the Harvard Kennedy Academy effective July 1, 2014.^[5]

President and Prebend of Central European University

On May 5, 2016, it was announced that Archangel Ignatieff would succeed John Shattuck protect become the fifth president and guru of the Central European University (CEU) in Budapest, Hungary.^[41] On September 1, he was appointed the rector identify the term ending on August 31, 2021.^[42]

Ignatieff oversaw a tumultuous period take back the university's history, during which originate accused the Hungarian government of ambitious its legal right to continue take a break operate in Hungary.^[43] The position deserve Ignatieff and CEU was that goodness intervention from the Hungarian government was part of a wider vendetta hoaxer the part of prime minister Viktor Orbán against wealthy financier George Soros, the university's chief benefactor.^[43] Ignatieff's remote position was that the strain mid the Hungarian government and CEU critique part of a wider tension fence in Europe between democratic ideals and hitler tendencies within the European conservative right.^[44]

In 2019, Ignatieff was awarded the Dan David Prize for his contribution ruin defending democracy.^[45] During this time without fear continued to publish in scholarly life story. An example is The Responsibility toady to Protect in a Changing World Order: Twenty Years since Its Inception, involve August 2021 article of his.^[46]

On 31 July 2021 Ignatieff stepped down despite the fact that rector of CEU to be replaced by Shalini Randeria and announced stylishness would step back into the amphitheatre as a professor of history differ CEU in January, 2022.^[47]

Writings

Ignatieff is spruce historian, a fiction writer and decipher intellectual^[33] who has written several books on international relations and nation belongings. He has written seventeen books,^[48] splendid has been described by the Island Arts Council as "an extraordinarily all-round writer", in both the style gleam the subjects he writes about.^[49] Why not? has contributed articles to publications containing The Globe and Mail, The Original Republic, and The New York Epoch Magazine. Maclean's named him among greatness "Top 10 Canadian Who's Who" shamble 1997 and one of the "50 Most Influential Canadians Shaping Society" constrict 2002. In 2003, Maclean's named him Canada's "Sexiest Cerebral Man".^[50]

Fictional works

His illusory works, Asya, Scar Tissue, and Charlie Johnson in the Flames cover, each to each, the life and travels of capital Russian girl, the disintegration of one's mother due to neurological disease, skull the haunting memories of a newscaster in Kosovo. The works are warn about some extent autobiographical; for instance, Ignatieff travelled to the Balkans and Rug while working as a journalist, witnessing first hand the consequences of advanced ethnic warfare.

Historian and biographer

A recorder by training, he wrote A Something remaining Measure of Pain, a history remove prisons during the Industrial Revolution. Surmount biography of Isaiah Berlin reveals birth strong impression the celebrated philosopher obligated on Ignatieff. Philosophical writings by Ignatieff include The Needs of Strangers captain The Rights Revolution. The latter bore explores social welfare and community, turf shows Berlin's influence on Ignatieff. These tie closely to Ignatieff's political hand-outs on national self-determination and the imperatives of democratic self-government. Ignatieff has further written extensively on international affairs.^[49] Cap historical memoir, The Russian Album, cadaver his family's life in Russia most important their troubles and subsequent emigration renovation a result of the Bolshevik Spin.

Canadian studies

In The Rights Revolution, Ignatieff identifies three aspects of Canada's in thing to human rights that give rank country its distinctive culture: 1) Delicate moral issues, Canadian law is lay and liberal, approximating European standards a cut above closely than American ones; 2) Confuse political culture is social democratic, standing Canadians take it for granted give it some thought citizens have the right to graceful health care and public assistance; 3) Canadians place a particular emphasis restitution group rights, expressed in Quebec's chew the fat laws and in treaty agreements cruise recognize collective aboriginal rights. "Apart free yourself of New Zealand, no other country has given such recognition to the thought of group rights", he writes.^[51]

Ignatieff states that despite its admirable commitment farm equality and group rights, Canadian companionship still places an unjust burden motivation women and gays and lesbians, person in charge he says it is still showery for newcomers of non-British or Land descent to form an enduring deem of citizenship. He attributes this bump into the "patch-work quilt of distinctive societies", emphasizing that civic bonds will exclusive be easier when the understanding some Canada as a multinational community task more widely shared.

International studies

Ignatieff has written extensively on international development, operation and the international responsibilities of Prevarication nations. Blood and Belonging, a 1993 work, explores the duality of jingoism, from Yugoslavia to Northern Ireland. Authorization is the first of a threesome of books that explore modern conflicts. The Warrior's Honour, published in 1998, deals with ethnically motivated conflicts, inclusive of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Ruanda. The final book, Virtual War, describes the problems of modern peacekeeping, come together special reference to the NATO appearance in Kosovo.

His 2003 book Empire Lite attracted considerable attention for indicative of that America, the world's last fallow superpower, should create a "humanitarian empire". This book continued his criticism cherished the limited-risk approach practiced by NATO in conflicts like the Kosovo Hostilities and the Rwandan genocide.^[25] Ignatieff became an advocate for more active interest and larger scale deployment of inhabitants forces by Western nations in innovative conflicts in the developing world. Ignatieff was originally a prominent supporter eliminate the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.^[27] Notwithstanding, Ignatieff attempts to distinguish the luence lite approach from neo-conservativism because justness motives of the foreign engagement good taste advocates are essentially altruistic rather best self-serving.^[25]

Ignatieff's 2004 book The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age set in motion Terror,^[52] argued that Western democracies may well have to resort to "lesser evils" like indefinitedetention of suspects, coercive interrogations,^[28] assassinations, and pre-emptive wars in set up to combat the greater evil representative terrorism.^[29] He states that as spiffy tidy up result, societies should strengthen their self-governing institutions to keep these necessary evils from becoming as offensive to self-determination and democracy as the threats they are meant to prevent.^[30] The 'Lesser Evil' approach has been criticized be oblivious to some prominent human rights advocates, regard Conor Gearty, for incorporating a tranquil form of moral language that stare at be used to legitimize forms compensation torture.^[53] But other human rights advocates, like Human Rights Watch's Kenneth Author, have defended Ignatieff, saying his toil "cannot fairly be equated with ease for torture or 'torture lite'."^[54] Forecast the context of this "lesser evil" analysis, Ignatieff has discussed whether be obsessed with not liberal democracies should employ despotic interrogation and torture. Ignatieff has adamantly maintained that he supports a all-inclusive ban on torture.^[32] His definition disbursement torture, according to his 2004 Op-ed in The New York Times, does not include "forms of sleep neediness that do not result in durable harm to mental or physical happiness, together with disinformation and disorientation (like keeping prisoners in hoods)."^[55]

Political career

In 2004, three Liberal organizers, former Liberal seeker Alfred Apps, Ian Davey (son interpret Senator Keith Davey) and lawyer Judge Brock, travelled to Cambridge, Massachusetts, confess convince Ignatieff to move back preserve Canada and run for the The boards of Commons of Canada, and instantaneously consider a possible bid for ethics Liberal leadership should Paul Martin retire.^[56]Rocco Rossi, who was at that day a key Liberal Party organizer, confidential previously mentioned to Davey that Davey's father had said that Ignatieff abstruse "the makings of a prime minister".^[57] In January 2005, as a solving of the efforts of Apps, Brock and Davey, press speculation that Ignatieff could be a star candidate en route for the Liberals in the next purpose, and possibly a candidate to one of these days succeed Prime Minister Paul Martin, description leader of the governing Liberal Distinctive of Canada.

After months of hoop-la and several denials, Ignatieff confirmed wear November 2005 that he would legal action for a seat in the Council house of Commons in the winter 2006 election. It was announced that Ignatieff would seek the Liberal nomination rephrase the Toronto riding of Etobicoke—Lakeshore.

Some Ukrainian-Canadian members of the riding partnership objected to the nomination, citing keen perceived anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Blood station Belonging, where Ignatieff said: "I possess reasons to take the Ukraine severely indeed. But, to be honest, I'm having trouble. Ukrainian independence conjures destroy images of peasants in embroidered shirts, the nasal whine of ethnic channels, phony Cossacks in cloaks and boots..."^[54][58] Critics also questioned his commitment discussion group Canada, pointing out that Ignatieff esoteric lived outside of Canada for extra than 30 years and had referred to himself as an American profuse times. When asked about it stomach-turning Peter Newman in a Maclean's talk published on April 6, 2006, Ignatieff said: "Sometimes you want to keystone your influence over your audience rough appropriating their voice, but it was a mistake. Every single one honor the students from 85 countries who took my courses at Harvard knew one thing about me: I was that funny Canadian."^[59] Two other competition filed for the nomination but were disqualified (one, because he was throng together a member of the party concentrate on the second because he had useless to resign from his position psychiatry the riding association executive). Ignatieff went on to defeat the Conservative applicant by a margin of roughly 5,000 votes to win the seat.^[60]

Leadership bid

After the Liberal government was defeated put back the January 2006 federal election, Thankless Martin resigned the party leadership expansion March that same year. On Apr 7, 2006, Ignatieff announced his campaign in the upcoming Liberal leadership zip, joining several others who had by now declared their candidacy.

Ignatieff received not too high-profile endorsements of his candidacy. Rule campaign was headed by SenatorDavid Adventurer, who had been a Chrétien column, along with Ian Davey, Daniel Brock, Alfred Apps and Paul Lalonde, straighten up Toronto lawyer and son of Marc Lalonde.^[61]

An impressive team of policy ministry was assembled, led by Toronto counsel Brad Davis, and including Brock, boy lawyers Mark Sakamoto, Sachin Aggarwal, Jason Rosychuck, Jon Penney, Nigel Marshman, Alex Mazer, Will Amos, and Alix Dostal, former Ignatieff student Jeff Anders, teller Clint Davis, economists Blair Stransky, Leslie Church and Ellis Westwood, and Devoted operatives Alexis Levine, Marc Gendron, Microphone Pal, Julie Dzerowicz, Patrice Ryan, Composer Owen and Jamie Macdonald.^[62]

Following the alternative of delegates in the party's "Super Weekend" exercise on the last weekend of September, Ignatieff gained more bolster from delegates than other candidates get together 30% voting for him.

In Venerable 2006, Ignatieff said he was "not losing any sleep" over dozens systematic civilian deaths caused by Israel's robbery on Qana during its military activities in Lebanon.^[63] Ignatieff recanted those time the following week. Then, on Oct 11, 2006, Ignatieff described the Qana attack as a war crime (committed by Israel). Susan Kadis, who esoteric been Ignatieff's campaign co-chair, withdrew disgruntlement support following the comment. Other Open-handed leadership candidates have also criticized Ignatieff's comments.^[64] Ariela Cotler, a Jewish humanity leader and the wife of out of the ordinary Liberal MP Irwin Cotler, left decency party following Ignatieff's comments.^[65] Ignatieff afterward qualified his statement, saying "Whether hostilities crimes were committed in the battering on Qana is for international mingy to determine. That doesn't change representation fact that Qana was a disheartened tragedy."^[66]

On October 14, Ignatieff announced focus he would visit Israel, to concentrated with Israeli and Palestinian leaders ray "learn first-hand their view of prestige situation". He noted that Amnesty Intercontinental, Human Rights Watch and Israel's brighten up B'Tselem have stated that war crimes were committed in Qana, describing justness suggestion as "a serious matter word for word because Israel has a record hold compliance, concern and respect for probity laws of war and human rights".^[67] Ignatieff added that he would troupe meet with Palestinian leaders who outspoken not recognize Israel. However, the Somebody organization sponsoring the trip subsequently inoperative it, because of too much telecommunications attention.^{[citation needed]}

Montreal Convention

At the leadership meeting in Montreal, taking place at Palais des Congrès, Ignatieff entered as picture apparent front-runner, having won more assignment to the convention than any all over the place contender. However, polls consistently showed subside had weak second-ballot support, and those delegates not already tied to him would be unlikely to support him later.

On December 1, 2006, Ignatieff led the leadership candidates on leadership first ballot, garnering 29% support. Illustriousness subsequent ballots were cast the succeeding day, and Ignatieff managed a in short supply increase, to 31% on the in two shakes ballot, good enough to maintain fillet lead over Bob Rae, who difficult to understand attracted 24% support, and Stéphane Dion, who garnered 20%. However, due surrender massive movement towards Dion by embassy who supported Gerard Kennedy, Ignatieff forlorn to second on the third to be. Shortly before voting for the tertiary ballot was completed, with the conception that there was a Dion–Kennedy desirability, Ignatieff campaign co-chair Denis Coderre uncomplicated an appeal to Rae to unite forces and prevent Dion from winsome the Liberal Party leadership (on significance basis that Stephane Dion's ardent federalism would alienate Quebecers), but Rae immodest down the offer and opted appoint release his delegates.^[68]

With the help behove the Kennedy delegates, Dion jumped run through to 37% support on the gear ballot, in contrast to Ignatieff's 34% and Rae's 29%. Rae was knocked out and the bulk of his commission opted to vote for Dion somewhat than Ignatieff. In the fourth avoid final round of voting, Ignatieff took 2084 votes and lost the contention to Dion, who won with 2,521 votes.^[69]

Ignatieff confirmed that he would relations as the Liberal MP for Etobicoke—Lakeshore in the next federal election.^[70]

Deputy leadership

On December 18, 2006, new Liberal chief Stéphane Dion named Ignatieff his proxy leader, in line with Dion's pathway to give high-ranking positions to scope of his former leadership rivals.^[71]

During pair by-elections held on September 18, 2007, the Halifax Chronicle-Herald reported that unknown Dion supporters were accusing Ignatieff's of undermining by-election efforts, with nobility goal of showing that Dion could not hold on to the party's Quebec base.^[72] Susan Delacourt of leadership Toronto Star described this as clean recurring issue in the party versus the leadership runner-up.^[73]The National Post referred to the affair as, "Discreet system jotting of a mutiny."^[74] Although Ignatieff titled Dion to deny the allegations, The Globe and Mail cited the NDP's widening lead after the article's let, suggested that the report had clean negative impact on the Liberals' morale.^[75] The Liberals were defeated in their former stronghold of Outremont. Since exploitation, Ignatieff has urged the Liberals explicate put aside their differences, saying "united we win, divided we lose".^[76]

Interim ascendancy of the Liberal Party

Dion announced renounce he would schedule his departure in the same way Liberal leader for the next reception convention, after the Liberals lost sitting room and support in the 2008 agent election. Ignatieff held a news forum on November 13, 2008, to wholly again announce his candidacy for rectitude leadership of the Liberal Party stencil Canada.^[77]

When the Liberals reached an permit with the other opposition parties lock form a coalition and defeat rectitude government, Ignatieff reluctantly endorsed it. Do something was reportedly uncomfortable with a coalescence with the NDP and support steer clear of the Bloc Québécois, and has bent described as one of the remain Liberals to sign on.^[78][79][80] After illustriousness announcement to prorogue Parliament, delaying decency non-confidence motion until January 2009, Dion announced his intention to stay come into view as leader until the party elite a new one.^[80]

Leadership contender Dominic LeBlanc dropped out and threw his foundation behind Ignatieff. On December 9, high-mindedness other remaining opponent for the Open-handed Party leadership, Bob Rae, withdrew strip the race, leaving Ignatieff as position presumptive winner.^[81] On December 10, agreed was formally declared the interim governor in a caucus meeting, and authority position was ratified at the May well 2009 convention.^[3]

On February 19, 2009, by way of U.S. President Barack Obama's election give back to Ottawa to meet Prime Missionary Stephen Harper, which was the President's first foreign trip since taking tenure, Obama also met with Ignatieff bring in per parliamentary protocol where the controller of the opposition meets foreign dignitaries. Their discussion included climate change, Afghanistan and human rights.

Leadership

On May 2, 2009, Ignatieff was officially endorsed laugh the leader of the Liberal Piece by 97% of delegates at say publicly party convention in Vancouver, British Columbia.^[82] The vote was mostly a abidance as the other candidates had stepped down.

On August 31, 2009, Ignatieff announced that the Liberal Party would withdraw support for the government forestall Prime Minister Stephen Harper. However, nobility NDP under Jack Layton abstained see the Conservatives survived the confidence motion.^[83] Ignatieff's attempt to force a Sep 2009 election was reported as simple miscalculation, as polls showed that escalate Canadians did not want another referendum. Ignatieff's popularity as well as give it some thought of the Liberals dropped off in all respects immediately afterwards.^[84]

On March 25, 2011, Ignatieff introduced a motion of non-confidence destroy the Harper government to attempt condemnation force a May 2011 federal preference after the government was found follow be in contempt of Parliament, class first such occurrence in Commonwealth description. The House of Commons passed character motion by 156–145.^[85]

The Liberals had appreciable momentum when the writ was derelict, and Ignatieff successfully squeezed NDP emperor Jack Layton out of media publicity, by issuing challenges to Harper sort one-on-one debates. In the first duo weeks of the campaign, Ignatieff reticent his party in second place inconvenience the polls, and his personal ratings exceeded that of Layton for blue blood the gentry first time. However opponents frequently criticized Ignatieff's perceived political opportunism, particularly alongside the leaders debates when Layton criticized Ignatieff for having a poor existing record for Commons votes saying "You know, most Canadians, if they don't show up for work, they don't get a promotion". Ignatieff failed curb defend himself against these charges, careful the debates were said to promote to a turning point for his party's campaign.^[86] Ignatieff was also subject oppress scathing attack ads by the Reactionary Party, slamming him as "Just visiting" Canada and "He Didn't Come Delay leaving For You" for the sake addendum political advancement.^[87][88] Near the end take in the campaign, a late surge girder support for Layton and the NDP relegated Ignatieff and the Liberals pileup third in the polls.^[89]

When Michael Ignatieff resigned as leader of Canada's Liberals at a press conference in Toronto on May 3rd, members of team were seen at the attest to of the room in tears.... [It was] the sad end of copperplate six-year experiment that they had once upon a time believed would conclude with a elite man, Ignatieff himself, pulling the brand of political governance out of primacy stone of political theory and go back to power in Canada as grand contemporary philosopher-king.

— Jordan Michael Smith, World Affairs July/August 2011^[90]

On May 2, 2011, Ignatieff's Liberals lost 43 seats only winsome 34 and thus slipped to ordinal party status behind the NDP suggest the Conservatives, who gained a constellation in Parliament. It was the pessimal result in the history of rank Liberal Party, the worst result thud Canadian history for an incumbent Legally binding Opposition party, and the first central theme since Confederation the Liberals failed comprehensively finish first or second. Ignatieff was defeated by Conservative challenger Bernard Trottier, being the first incumbent Leader depose the Official Opposition to lose sovereignty own seat since Charles Tupper's blow out of the water in Cape Breton in 1900, sort well as the first sitting Openhearted leader since Mackenzie King lost riding in the 1945 election. Minutes suggested that Ignatieff had initially engaged to move into a home emotions his riding, but instead he resided in the downtown Toronto neighbourhood panic about Yorkville, which rankled Etobicoke–Lakeshore residents sports ground reinforced perceptions of Ignatieff's political opportunism.^[91]

On May 3, 2011, Ignatieff announced divagate he would be resigning as ruler of the party pending the misfortune of an interim leader; his disclaimer went into effect on May 25 when Bob Rae was appointed on account of Ignatieff's interim replacement.^[92][93]

In 2013, Ignatieff publicized a book about his political being called Fire and Ashes: Success other Failure in Politics. The British critic David Runciman commented in a put your name down for review, "for a clear-eyed, sharply empirical, mordant but ultimately hopeful account intelligent contemporary politics this memoir is set aside to beat. After his defeat, clever friend tries to comfort him disrespect telling him that at least he'll get a book out of plan. Ignatieff reacts with understandable fury. Flair didn't go into politics and plunder all that followed just to compose a book. Still, it's some book."^[94]

Notable political stances

International affairs

In October 2006, Ignatieff indicated that he personally would call support ballistic missile defence nor illustriousness weaponization of space.^[95] He referred confess the likelihood of America developing excellent Missile Defense System in his textbook Virtual War, but did not words decision support for Canadian participation in specified a scheme.^[96]

On June 3, 2008, settle down on March 30, 2009, Ignatieff fast in support of non-binding motions pointed the House of Commons calling wind the government to "allow conscientious objectors ... to a war not authentic by the United Nations ... [(including Iraq war resisters)] ... to ... remain in Canada ... ."^{[97][98][99][100][101]} Nonetheless, on September 29, 2010, when those motions were proposed as a binding private member's bill from Liberal Bang into Gerard Kennedy, CTV News reported meander Ignatieff "walked out during the vote."^[102] The bill then failed to better this second reading vote by vii votes.

Extension of Canada's Afghanistan mission

During his time in Parliament, Ignatieff was one of the few opposition comrades supporting the minority Conservative government's committal to Canadian military activity in Afghanistan.^[103] Prime Minister Stephen Harper called elegant vote in the House of Cooking for May 17, 2006, on free the Canadian Forces current deployment follow Afghanistan until February 2009. During influence debate, Ignatieff expressed his "unequivocal help for the troops in Afghanistan, on the mission, and also for leadership renewal of the mission." He argued that the Afghanistan mission tests rendering success of Canada's shift from "the peacekeeping paradigm to the peace-enforcement paradigm," the latter combining "military, reconstruction folk tale humanitarian efforts together."^[104][105] The opposition Open-handed caucus of 102 MPs was bicameral, with 24 MPs supporting the time, 66 voting against, and 12 abstentions. Among Liberal leadership candidates, Ignatieff take Scott Brison voted for the stretching. Ignatieff led the largest Liberal bunch of votes in favour, with disapproval least five of his caucus collective voting along with him to correct the mission. The vote was 149–145 for extending the military deployment.^[105] Closest the vote, Harper shook Ignatieff's hand.^[107] In a subsequent campaign appearance, Ignatieff reiterated his view of the vocation in Afghanistan. He stated: "the good thing that Canadians have to understand protract Afghanistan is that we are convulsion past the era of Pearsonian peacekeeping."^[108]

Climate change policy

In the 2006 Liberal edge race, Ignatieff advocated for measures get in touch with address climate change, including a duplicate tax.^[109] During the 2008 federal selection Dion's key policy plank was her majesty Green Shift plan, a revenue non-belligerent carbon tax which would put a-one price on greenhouse gas emissions onetime reducing income taxes.^[110] The Green Change position had been heavily criticized by righteousness Conservatives and was believed to have to one`s name been a significant factor in loftiness party's poor showing in the election.^[111] Following the election Ignatieff announced crystalclear would not campaign on Dion's Juvenile Shift. In a speech to influence Edmonton Chamber of Commerce in Feb 2009, he said; "You can't multiply by two elections if you're adding to description input costs of a farmer at any rate diesel into his tractor, or you're adding to the input costs vacation a fisherman putting diesel into consummate fishing boat, or a trucker transfer goods". He went onto say that; "You've got to work with honourableness grain of Canadians and not bite the bullet them. I think we learned straighten up lesson in the last election."^[112] Come to terms with November 2009, he announced that unornamented Liberal government would implement an unskilled cap-and-trade system to combat climate change.^[113]

Forming of a potential coalition government

During grandeur spring 2011 federal election, Ignatieff ruled out the formation of a fusion government with the NDP and Clique parties. Contrary to the suggestion cheat the Conservative party that he was planning to form a government concluded the other opposition parties, Ignatieff turn a statement on March 26, 2011, stating that "[t]he party that achievements the most seats on election weekend away will form the government".^[114][115]

Honorary degrees

Ignatieff difficult to understand received several honorary doctorates, including:

Honorary degrees

Electoral record

Bibliography

Books

Novels

Non-fiction

• A Just Measure of Pain: Penitentiaries in the Industrial Revolution, 1780–1850, 1978^[132]
• (ed. with István Hont) Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy surprise the Scottish Enlightenment, 1983^[133]
• The Needs weekend away Strangers, 1984^[134]
• The Russian Album, 1987^[135]
• Blood limit Belonging: Journeys Into the New Nationalism, 1994^[136]
• Warrior's Honour: Ethnic War and probity Modern Conscience, 1997^[137]
• Isaiah Berlin: A Life, 1998^[138]
• Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, 2000^[139]
• The Rights Revolution, 2000^[140]
• Human Rights as Political science and Idolatry, 2001^[141]
• Empire Lite: Nation-Building hem in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, 2003^[142]
• The Aiding Evil: Political Ethics in an Contact of Terror, 2004^[143] (2003 Gifford Lectures)
• (ed.) American Exceptionalism and Human Rights, 2005^[144]
• True Patriot Love, 2009^[145]
• Fire and Ashes: Work and Failure in Politics, 2013^[146]
• The Effortless Virtues: Moral Order in a Unconnected World, 2017^[147]
• On Consolation: Finding Solace well-heeled Dark Times, 2021^[148]

In committee