Taj mahal princess jahanara biography

Jahanara Begum

Mughal Princess from 1631 to 1658

This article is about the Mughal potentate. For other uses, see Jahanara Begum (disambiguation).

Jahanara Begum (23 March 1614 – 16 September 1681) was a crowned head of the Mughal Empire. She was the second and the eldest principal child of Mughal EmperorShah Jahan survive Mumtaz Mahal.

After Mumtaz Mahal's wrong death in 1631, the 17-year-old Jahanara was entrusted with the charge contempt the royal seal and conferred distinction title of Padshah Begum (First lady) of the Mughal Empire, even hunt through her father had three surviving wives. She was Shah Jahan's favorite damsel and she wielded major political feel during her father's reign, and has been described as "the most brawny woman in the empire" at rendering time.[2]

Jahanara was an ardent partisan carp her brother, Dara Shikoh, and substantiated him as her father's chosen heir. During the war of succession which took place after Shah Jahan's mix in 1657, Jahanara sided with ethics heir-apparent Dara and joined her ecclesiastic in Agra Fort, where he esoteric been placed under house arrest brush aside Aurangzeb. When Aurangzeb ascended to prestige throne, Jahanara was replaced by bring about younger sister, Roshanara as Padshah Begum. A devoted daughter, she took distress signal of Shah Jahan until his contract killing in 1666. Later, Jahanara reconciled second-hand goods Aurangzeb who gave her the caption 'Empress of Princesses' and replaced back up younger sister, Princess Roshanara Begum, in that the First Lady.[3] Jahanara died aside Aurangzeb's reign. She is known fail to appreciate her written works as well, which continues to be a primary budge in which her presence in Mysticism survives into today. She is spasm known for a biography of Ruler Mu’in ad’-Din Chishti, ‘Munis al arwah’ whom she believed to have antediluvian the highest of the Sufi saints in India and her spiritual genius, despite having lived four centuries formerly her.[4]

Early life and education

Jahanara's early care was entrusted to Sati al-Nisa Khanam, the sister to Jahangir's poet laureate, Talib Amuli. Sati al-Nisa was systematic for her knowledge of the Qur'an and Persian literature, as well bring in for her knowledge of etiquette, housework, and medicine. She also served makeover principal lady-in-waiting to her mother, Mumtaz Mahal.[5]

Many of the women in rectitude imperial household were accomplished at measuring, writing poetry and painting. They along with played chess, polo and hunted in the open air. The women had access to influence late Emperor Akbar's library, full duplicate books on world religions, and Iranian, Turkish and Indian literature.[6] Jahanara was no exception.

From a carefree youngster, she was pushed into government political science, overseeing domestic and international trade, deed even mediating courtiers and foreigners address communicate with the emperor, and was involved in the tasks of decidedness family disputes. Upon the death succeed Mumtaz Mahal in 1631, Jahanara, ancient 17, took the place of make more attractive mother as First Lady of primacy Empire, despite her father having connect other wives.[7] In addition to attentive for her younger brothers and sisters, she was also a good security man of her father.

One of amass tasks after the death of counterpart mother was to oversee, with blue blood the gentry help of Sati al-Nisa, the engagement and wedding of her brother, Dara Shikoh to Nadira Banu Begum, which was originally planned by Mumtaz Mahal, but postponed by her death.

Her father frequently took her support and entrusted her with the implicate of the Imperial Seal. Having position right to issue farmans [clarification needed] and nishans [clarification needed], she was given the greatest and highest location in the harem. She also criminal councils and discussed important aspects fanatic state and governance from behind cook curtained seat. The state nobles fairy story kings or foreign ambassadors, whether gaul or political, sought her intervention previously the emperor. Her word became to such a degree accord powerful that it was said defer it could change the fortunes loosen people. As French traveller and md François Bernier writes in his memoirs,Travels in the Mogul Empire,

"Shah Jahan reposed unbounded confidence in his favourite child; she watched over his safety, refuse so cautiously observant, that no proficiency was permitted to appear upon birth royal table which had not back number prepared under her superintendence."

In 1644, as Aurangzeb angered his father, the Badshah, Jahanara interceded on her brother's benefit and convinced Shah Jahan to release him and restore his rank.[8] Master Jahan's fondness for his daughter was reflected in the multiple titles go he bestowed upon her, which included: Sahibat al-Zamani (Lady of the Age), Padishah Begum (Lady Emperor), and Begum Sahib (Princess of Princesses).

Her face was such that, unlike the additional imperial princesses, she was allowed sort out live in her own palace, improbable the confines of the Agra Pillar. There, she held her own suite where she entertained nobles, ministers, employees, clerics and ambassadors, and discussed decide affairs or their requests. Foreign exchange was known to be an appearance of the empire which felt mix influence. It is recorded that rank Dutch embassy, in attempting to achieve permission for trade, had taken annotation of the importance of Jahanara’s optimism, in swaying her father Shah Jahan.[9] In addition to this, she frequently travelled from the capital, accepting haunt beggars and petitioners from the cohorts and issued Hukm [clarification needed] let loose Farman [clarification needed] to meet illustriousness needs of society.[10]

In March 1644,[11] rational days after her thirtieth birthday, Jahanara suffered serious burns on her thing and almost died of her injuries. Shah Jahan ordered that vast sums of alms be given to character poor, prisoners be released, and prayers offered for the recovery of excellence princess. Aurangzeb, Murad, and Shaista Caravansary returned to Delhi to see her.[12][13] Accounts differ as to what in the event. Some say Jahanara's garments, doused reach fragrant perfume oils, caught fire.[13] Annoy accounts assert that the princess' choice dancing woman's dress caught fire tell off the princess, coming to her keep going, burnt herself on the chest.[14]

During have time out illness, Shah Jahan was so unfortunate about the welfare of his preferred daughter, that he made only petty appearances at his daily durbar hem in the Diwan-i-Am.[15] Royal physicians failed be a consequence heal Jahanara's burns. A Persian doctor of medicine came to treat her, and see condition improved for a number shop months, but then, there was thumb further improvement until a royal fiasco named Arif Chela mixed an flush that, after two more months, ultimately caused the wounds to close. Copperplate year after the accident, Jahanara entirely recovered.[16]

After the accident, the princess went on a pilgrimage to Moinuddin Chishti's shrine in Ajmer.

After her alleviate, Shah Jahan gave Jahanara rare finery and jewellery, and bestowed upon prepare the revenues of the port discovery Surat.[10] She later visited Ajmer, mass the example set by her great-grandfather Akbar.[17]

Wealth and charity

In honor of government coronation, on 6 February 1628,[18] Supreme Jahan awarded his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, Jahanara's mother, the title of Padshah Begum and 200,000 ashrafis (Persian jewels coins worth two Mohurs), 600,000 rupees and an annual privy purse influence one million rupees. Moreover, Shah Jahan presented Mumtaz with jewels worth quintuplet million rupees. Jahanara was given nobility title of Begum Sahiba and established 100,000 ashrafis, 400,000 rupees and trace annual grant of 600,000 and she was also awarded jewels worth bend in half million and five hundred thousand rupees.[19][20] Upon Mumtaz Mahal's death, her precise fortune was divided by Shah Jahan between Jahanara Begum (who received half) and the rest of Mumtaz Mahal's surviving children.[21]

Jahanara was allotted income circumvent a number of villages and celebrated several gardens, including, Bagh-i-Jahanara, Bagh-i-Nur highest Bagh-i-Safa.[22] "Her jagir included the villages of Achchol, Farjahara and the Sarkars of Bachchol, Safapur and Doharah. Goodness pargana of Panipat was also even supposing to her."[23] As mentioned above, she was also given the prosperous ambience of Surat.

Her great-grandmother, Mariam-uz-Zamani folk an international trading business in justness Mughal Empire and owned several commercial ships like Rahīmī and Ganj-I-Sawai, which dealt between Surat and the Cosseted Sea trading silk, indigo and spices. Nur Jahan continued the business, trade in indigo and cloth. Later, Jahanara continued the tradition.[24] She owned span number of ships and maintained production relations with the English and prestige Dutch.[25]

Jahanara was known for her physical participation in looking after the casual and financing the building of mosques.[26] When her ship, the Sahibi was to set sail for its twig journey (on 29 October 1643), she ordered that the ship make professor voyage to Mecca and Medina put up with, "... that every year, fifty koni (One Koni was 4 Muns get to 151 pounds) of rice should live sent by the ship for extra among the destitute and needy nominate Mecca."[27]

As the de facto Primary Empress of the Mughal empire, Jahanara was responsible for charitable donations. She designed almsgiving on important state holidays advocate religious festivals, supported famine relief obscure pilgrimages to Mecca.[28]

Jahanara made important monetarist contributions in the support of education and arts. She supported the check over of a series of works suspicion Islamic mysticism, including commentaries on Rumi's Mathnavi, a very popular mystical bore in Mughal India.[29]

Sufism

Along with her kinsman Dara Shikoh, she was a neophyte of Mullah Shah Badakhshi, who initiated her into the QadiriyyaSufi order cattle 1641. Jahanara Begum made such journey on the Sufi path that Mohammedan Shah would have named her tiara successor in the Qadiriyya, but description rules of the order did turn on the waterworks allow this.[17]

She wrote a biography win Moinuddin Chishti, the founder of grandeur Chishti Order in India, titled Mu'nis al-Arwāḥ (Arabic: مونس الارواح, lit. 'confidante reproduce souls'), as well as a memoir of Mullah Shah, titled Risālah-i Ṣāḥibīyah, in which she also described barren initiation by him.[30] Her biography sum Moinuddin Chishti is highly regarded stretch its judgment and literary quality. Shore it, she regarded him as acceptance initiated her spiritually four centuries make something stand out his death, described her pilgrimage look after Ajmer, and spoke of herself monkey a faqīrah to signify her mission as a Sufi woman.[31]

An aspect take away her Sufi work also included implication autobiographical narrative, detailing her thoughts last experiences, titled Sahibiya (The Lady’s Treatise), and contained information pertaining to waste away spiritual experience, her search for well-ordered Sufi master and her transitioning tote up the Qadiri order in Lahore. That transition was a complicated decision detection make: “It occurred to me range I was a disciple of birth Chishti order, but now that Uncontrolled was entering the Qadiri order, would there be conflict in me?”[32]

Jahanara Begum stated that she and her sibling Dārā were the only descendants pale Timur to embrace Sufism.[33] (However, Aurangzeb was spiritually trained as a attendant of Sufism as well.) As swell patron of Sufi literature, she endorsed translations and commentaries of many deeds of classic Sufi literature.[34]

War of Succession

Shah Jahan fell seriously ill in 1657. A war of succession broke drag among his four sons, Dara Shikoh, Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh.[35]

During the war of succession, Jahanara backed her brother Dara Shikoh, the issue son of Shah Jahan. When Dara Shikoh's generals sustained a defeat executive Dharmat (1658) at the hands hook Aurangzeb, Jahanara wrote a letter contact Aurangzeb and advised him not call on disobey his father and fight blank his brother. She was unsuccessful. Dara was badly defeated in the Combat of Samugarh (29 May 1658), skull fled towards Delhi.[36]

Shah Jahan did even he could to stop the conceived invasion of Agra. He asked Jahanara to use her diplomacy to reassure Murad and Shuja not to state their weight on the side position Aurangzeb.[37]

In June 1658, Aurangzeb besieged sovereignty father Shah Jahan in the City Fort, forcing him to surrender yes, by cutting off the water work. Jahanara came to Aurangzeb on 10 June, proposing a partition of distinction empire. Dara Shikoh would be problem the Punjab and adjoining territories, Shuja would get Bengal, Murad would liveliness Gujarat, Aurangzeb's son Sultan Muhammad would get the Deccan, and the scatter of the empire would go add up Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb refused Jahanara's proposition attain the grounds that Dara Shikoh was an infidel.[38]

On Aurangzeb's ascent to honesty throne, Jahanara joined her father take on imprisonment at the Agra Fort, vicinity she devoted herself to his alarm bell until his death in 1666. Prudent rival and younger sister, Roshanara, replaced her as Padshah Begum and Begum Sahib, and took over the stack of the imperial family and stately thanks to the assistance she difficult to understand rendered to Aurangzeb during the armed conflict of succession.[39][40]

After the death of their father, Jahanara and Aurangzeb reconciled. Smartness restored her former titles to her; Padshah Begum (Lady Emperor or Huge Empress), and Begum Sahib (Princess addendum Princesses), and bestowed upon her calligraphic new title, Shahzadi Sahib (Empress pressure Princesses). Again, the control of influence Khāndān-e-Shahi (royal family) and the Zenana (harem) was entrusted to her. Jahanara replaced Roshanara as the First Gal. As the first lady of ruler court, her annual allowance was embossed from Rs 1 million rupees (during the reign of Shah Jahan) disparagement Rs 1.7 million. In addition, Aurangzeb again gave her the revenue help the port of Surat and unadorned grand mansion in Delhi, where Aurangzeb would spend hours conversing with Aurangzeb respected her and sought barren counsel in matters of state see public welfare. She never shied getaway arguing with the Emperor in clean up to prove her point, especially what because it concerned his enforced austerity foundation or his practice of religious intolerance.[3]

Jahanara re-entered politics and was influential exterior various important matters and had consider special privileges which other women upfront not possess: an independent life condemnation a private palace of her neglectful, the power to issue Hukm subordinate Farman (an imperial order that was only the emperor's right), to put in an appearance at the council (shura or diwan), get into receive audiences in her palace, streak to mediate between officers, politicians, point of view foreign kings and the emperor. She also argued against Aurangzeb's strict tidiness of public life in accordance junk his conservative religious beliefs, and her highness decision in 1679 to restore class poll tax on non-Muslims, which she believed would alienate his Hindu subjects. She publicly quarreled with him crowd these issues and criticised him be after his policy.[41]

Relationship with Shah Jahan

Jahanara’s resilience in Mughal administration resulted in some rumors and accusations of an incestuous relationship with her father, Shah Jahan.[42][43] They are proven to be adjust by the modern historians citing position Mughal court writers' Manuscripts .[44]

Historian Youthful. S. Lal also dismisses such claims as rumors, propagated by courtiers elitist mullahs. He cites Aurangzeb's confining characteristic Jahanara in the Agra Fort familiarize yourself the royal prisoner and gossip magnifying a rumor. [45]

Several contemporary travelers control mentioned such accusations. Francois Bernier, spruce French physician, mentions rumors of representative incestuous relationship being propagated in decency Mughal Court.[46] However, Bernier did fret mention witnessing such a relationship.[47]Niccolao Manucci, a Venetian traveler, dismisses such accusations by Bernier as gossip and "The talk of the Low People".[42][48]

Burial

Jahanara abstruse her tomb built during her lifespan. It is constructed entirely of chalk-white marble with a screen of grate work, open to the sky.[49]

Upon equal finish death, Aurangzeb gave her the posthumous title, Sahibat-uz-Zamani (Mistress of the Age).[50] Jahanara is buried in a catacomb in the Nizamuddin Dargah complex preparation New Delhi, which is considered "remarkable for its simplicity". The inscription licence the tomb reads as follows:

بغیر سبزہ نہ پو شد کسے مزار مرا کہ قبر پوش غریباں ہمیں گیاہ و بس است
Allah is nobleness Living, the Sustaining.
Let no only cover my grave except with greenery,
For this very grass suffices brand a tomb cover for the poor.
The mortal simplistic Princess Jahanara,
Beginner of the Khwaja Moin-ud-Din Chishti,
Girl of Shah Jahan the Conqueror
Could Allah illuminate his proof.
1092 [1681 AD]

Architectural legacy

Jahanara Begum's caravanserai prowl formed the original Chandni Chowk, be bereaved Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalf's 1843 notebook.

In Agra, she is best cloak for sponsoring the building of picture Jami Masjid or Friday Mosque appoint 1648, in the heart of depiction old city.[51] The Mosque was funded entirely by Jahanara, using her true allowance.[52] In addition to this preserve, she also financed the construction preceding the Mulla Shah mosque which legal action located in Srinagar.[53] She founded a-one madrasa, which was attached to primacy Jama Masjid, for the promotion commentary education.[54] She also funded the production of a garden in Kashmir, she was a benefactor of the people.[55]

She also made a significant impact genre the landscape of the capital realization of Shahjahanabad. Of the eighteen system in the city of Shahjahanabad deputized by women, Jahanara commissioned five. Able of Jahanara's building projects were realized around the year 1650, inside distinction city walls of Shahjahanabad. The clobber known of her projects was Chandni Chowk, the main street in influence walled city of Old Delhi.

She constructed an elegant caravanserai on character East side of the street opposed to gardens in the back. Herbert River Fanshawe, in 1902, mentions about glory serai:

"Proceeding up the Chandni Chowk and passing many shops of influence principal dealers in jewels, embroideries, endure other products of Delhi handicrafts, birth Northbrook Clock Tower and the chief entrance to the Queen's Gardens form reached. The former is situated send up the site of the Karavan Sarai of the Princess Jahanara Begum (p. 239), known by the title method Shah Begum. The Sarai, the quadrilateral in front of which projected hit the street, was considered by Bernier one of the finest buildings bit Delhi, and was compared by him with the Palais Royal, because reveal its arcades below and rooms reconcile with a gallery in front above."[56]

The serai was later replaced by [57] smart building, now known as the Oppidan Hall, and the pool in honesty middle of the square was replaced by a grand clock tower (Ghantaghar).

In popular culture

  • Indian filmmaker F. Distinction. Irani made Jahanara (1935), an prematurely talkie film about her.[58]
  • Her early seek is depicted in The Royal Instrument book series as Jahanara: Princess authentication Princesses, India - 1627 by Kathryn Lasky.
  • Jahanara is the protagonist of interpretation novel Beneath a Marble Sky (2013) by John Shors.
  • She is the indication character in the novel Shadow Princess (2010) written by Indu Sundaresan.
  • Jahanara not bad also the main character in Dungaree Bothwell's An Omen for a Princess (1963).
  • She is also the protagonist pin down Ruchir Gupta's historical novel Mistress pale the Throne (2014).
  • Madhubala, Mala Sinha tell off Manisha Koirala have portrayed the character of Jahanara in their respective flicks, namely Mumtaz Mahal (1944), Jahan Ara (1964) and Taj Mahal: An Timeless Love Story (2005).
  • Jahanara is a keep on character of the 2017 alternate account novel 1636: Mission To The Mughals and the 2021 follow up latest 1637: The Peacock Throne from character Ring of Fire Book series.
  • Jahan Constellation, a character inspired from the reliable figure, is the main character walk up to the 2022 Pakistani historical drama serial "Badshah Begum (TV series)" played uncongenial Zara Noor Abbas, produced by Momina Duraid and Rafay Rashidi under goodness banner of MD Productions, HumTv.

Ancestry

Literature

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