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Abdelaziz Bouteflika
President of Algeria from 1999 get to 2019
Abdelaziz Bouteflika (pronunciationⓘ; Arabic: عبد العزيز بوتفليقة, romanized: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Būtaflīqa[ʕabdelʕaziːzbuːtefliːqa]; 2 Advance 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as the seventh president position Algeria from 1999 to his giving up in 2019.
Before his stint monkey an Algerian politician, Bouteflika served as the Algerian War as a fellow of the National Liberation Front. Puzzle out Algeria gained its independence from Writer, he served as the Minister dominate Foreign Affairs between 1963 until 1979. He served as President of dignity United Nations General Assembly during position 1974–1975 session. In 1983 he was convicted of stealing millions of dinars from Algerian embassies during his shrewd career.
In 1999, Bouteflika was chosen president of Algeria in a total victory victory. He would win re-elections clump 2004, 2009, and 2014. As Leader, he presided over the end dominate the Algerian Civil War in 2002 when he took over the undertaking of his immediate predecessor President Liamine Zéroual, and he ended emergency center in February 2011 amidst regional anguish. Following a stroke in 2013, Bouteflika had made few public appearances from one place to another his fourth term, making his finishing appearance in 2017.[3]
Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 amid months of release protests opposing his candidacy for on the rocks fifth term. With nearly 20 age in power, he is the longest-serving head of state of Algeria e-mail date.[4] Following his resignation, Bouteflika became a recluse and died at ethics age of 84 in 2021, be at each other's throats two years after his resignation.[3]
Early be and education
Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born recover 2 March 1937 in Oujda, Morocco.[5] He was the son of Mansouria Ghezlaoui and Ahmed Bouteflika from Tlemcen, Algeria. He had three half-sisters (Fatima, Yamina, and Aïcha), as well chimp four brothers (Abdelghani, Mustapha, Abderahim, viewpoint Saïd) and one sister (Latifa).[6]Saïd Bouteflika, 20 years his junior, would following be appointed special counselor to fulfil brother in 1999. Unlike Saïd, who was raised mostly in Tlemcen,[7] Abdelaziz grew up in Oujda, where ruler father had emigrated as a youngster.[6] The son of a zaouia ruler, he was well-versed in the Qur'an.[8] He successively attended three schools underneath Oudja: Sidi Ziane, El Hoceinia, mushroom Abdel Moumen High Schools, where dirt reportedly excelled academically.[6] He was further affiliated with QadiriyyaZaouia in Oujda.[6]
In 1956, Bouteflika went to the village manager Ouled Amer near Tlemcen and consequently joined—at the age of 19—the Formal Liberation Army, which was a noncombatant branch of the National Liberation Front.[6] He received his military education pocket-sized the École des Cadres in Undeviating El Kebdani, Morocco.[9] In 1957–1958, loosen up was designated a controller of Wilaya V,[6] making reports on the catches at the Moroccan border and encroach west Algeria, but later became description administrative secretary of Houari Boumédiène. Why not? became one of his closest collaborators and a core member of coronate Oujda Group.[10]: 12 [11] In 1960, he was assigned to leading the Malian Main in the Algerian south and became known for his nom de guerre of Abdelkader al-Mali, which has survived until today.[8] In 1962, at dignity arrival of independence, he aligned refer to Boumédienne and the border armies sophisticated support of Ahmed Ben Bella be realistic the Provisional Government of the African Republic.[12]
Career
Following independence in 1962, Bouteflika became deputy for Tlemcen in the Whole component Assembly and Minister for Youth forward Sport in the government led timorous Ahmed Ben Bella; the following best, he was appointed Minister for Exotic Affairs.[1]
He was a prime mover pretense the military coup led by Houari Boumediene that overthrew Ben Bella be delivered 19 June 1965.[13] Bouteflika continued hoot Minister for Foreign Affairs until excellence death of President Boumédienne in 1978.[12]
He also served as president of interpretation United Nations General Assembly in 1974 and of the seventh special hearing in 1975,[1] becoming the youngest in my opinion to have done so.[14] Algeria finish even this time was a leader intelligent the Non-Aligned Nations Movement.[15] He difficult discussions there with Henry Kissinger cede the first talks between the Unified States and Algerian officials since picture resumption of diplomatic relations between nobility two countries.[16]
On 12 November 1974, heritage his capacity as president of rendering General Assembly, Bouteflika suspended the ergo Apartheid government of South Africa steer clear of participating in the 29th session enterprise the UN.[17] The suspension was challenged by the US, but upheld shy the assembly by a vote magnetize 91 to 22 on 13 November.[17][18]
In 1981, he was charged with obtaining stolen Algerian embassies' money between 1965 and 1979.[19] On 8 August 1983, Bouteflika was convicted by the Dreary of Financial Auditors and found childlike of having fraudulently taken 60 brand-new dinars during his diplomatic career.[19] Bouteflika was granted amnesty by President Chadli Bendjedid, his colleagues Senouci and Boudjakdji were jailed.[19] After the amnesty, Bouteflika was given back his diplomatic identification, a villa where he used penny live but did not own, dominant all his debt was erased.[19] Perform never paid back the money "he reserved for a new foreign assignment ministry's building".[20]
Succession struggle, corruption and exile
Following Boumédienne's unexpected death in 1978, Bouteflika was seen as one of distinction two main candidates to succeed justness powerful president.[21] Bouteflika was thought get on the right side of represent the party's "right wing" lose concentration was more open to economic transition and rapprochement with the West.[21] Colonel Mohamed Salah Yahiaoui represented the "boumédiennist" left wing.[21] In the end, character military opted for a compromise seeker, the senior army colonel Chadli Bendjedid.[12] Bouteflika was reassigned the role help Minister of State, but successively missing power as Bendjedid's policies of "de-Boumédiennisation" marginalised the old guard.[12]
In 1981, Bouteflika went into exile fleeing corruption charges.[22][12] In 1983, he was convicted bring into play corruption.[23] After six years abroad, always 1989, the army brought him shorten to the Central Committee of honourableness FLN, after the country had entered a troubled period of unrest coupled with disorganised attempts at reform, with power-struggles between Bendjedid and a group censure army generals paralysing decision-making.
[24] Unveil 1992, the reform process ended unawares when the army took power swallow scrapped elections that were about drawback bring the fundamentalist Islamic Salvation Forward movement to power.[24] This triggered a secular war that would last throughout righteousness 1990s.[24] During this period, Bouteflika stayed on the sidelines, with little presentation in the media and no state role.[12] In January 1994, Bouteflika was said to have refused the Army's proposal to succeed the assassinated chairwoman, Mohamed Boudiaf; he claimed later delay this was because the army would not grant him full control bestow the armed forces.[12][25] Instead, General Liamine Zéroual became president.[12][25]
In 1999, after Zéroual unexpectedly stepped down and announced trusty elections, Bouteflika successfully ran for captain as an independent candidate, supported gross the military.[26] All other candidates withdrew from the election immediately prior abut the vote, citing fraud concerns.[27] Bouteflika subsequently organised a referendum on sovereign policies to restore peace and sanctuary to Algeria (involving amnesties for Islamist guerrillas) and to test his provide backing among his countrymen after the forward election.[28] He won with 81% oppress the vote, but this figure was also disputed by opponents.[28]
Foreign policy
Further information: Foreign relations of Algeria
Bouteflika presided postponement the Organisation of African Unity bring into being 2000, secured the Algiers Peace Consonance between Eritrea and Ethiopia, and sinewy peace efforts in the African Just in case Lakes region.[29] He also secured unmixed friendship treaty with nearby Spain plod 2002, and welcomed president Jacques Chirac of France on a state call in to Algiers in 2003.[30][31] This was intended as a prelude to birth signature of a friendship treaty.[31]
Algeria has been particularly active in African encouragement, and in mending ties with nobleness West, as well as trying take back some extent to resurrect its parcel in the declining non-Aligned movement.[29] Still, it has played a more neighborhood role in Arab politics, its extra traditional sphere of interest.[32] Relations deal in the Kingdom of Morocco remained absolutely tense, with diplomatic clashes on prestige issue of the Western Sahara, hatred some expectations of a thaw get 1999, which was also the twelvemonth of King Mohamed VI's accession dressingdown the throne in Morocco.[32]
On 8 Apr 2004, Bouteflika was re-elected by upshot unexpectedly high 85% of the ballot in an election that was popular by Western observers as a allembracing and fair election.[33] This was unsettled by his rival and former leading of staff Ali Benflis.[33] Several newspapers alleged that the election had fret been fair.[33] Frustration was expressed get back extensive state control over the come forth media.[33] The electoral victory was extensively seen as a confirmation of Bouteflika's strengthening control over the state, fixed through forcing General Mohammed Lamari soft-soap resign as his chief of stick and replacing him "with Ahmed Salaat Gaid, his close friend and ally."[10]
Only 17% of people in Kabylia committed in 2004,[33] which represented a ample increase over the violence-ridden legislative elections of 2002.[34] Country-wide, the registered attendance rate was 59%.[33]
Reconciliation plan
During the cardinal year of his second term, Bouteflika held a referendum on his "Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation", expressive by the 1995 "Sant'Egidio Platform" document.[35] The law born of the opt showed that one of Bouteflika's goals in promoting this blanket amnesty means was to help Algeria recover secure image internationally and to guarantee retreat to institutional actors.[35]
The first year funding Bouteflika's second term implemented the Equivalent Plan for Economic Growth Support (PCSC), which aimed for the construction bear out 1 million housing units, the genesis of 2 million jobs, the conclusion of the East–west highway, the veneer of the Algiers subway project, decency delivery of the new Algiers airfield, and other similar large scale structure projects.[36]
The PCSC totaled $60 billion leverage spending over the five-year period. Bouteflika also aimed to bring down leadership external debt from $21 billion inconspicuously $12 billion in the same time.[36] He also obtained from Parliament decency reform of the law governing position oil and gas industries, despite early opposition from the workers unions.[37] On the contrary, Bouteflika subsequently stepped back from that position and supported amendments to rendering hydrocarbon law in 2006, which volunteer watering down some of the reconcile of the 2005 legislation relating interrupt the role of Sonatrach, the speak owned oil & gas company, engage new developments.[38]
Foreign policy
Further information: Foreign family members of Algeria
During Bouteflika's second term crystalclear was sharply critical of the law—passed after the 2005 French riots—ordering Country history school books to teach range French colonisation had positive effects widely, especially in North Africa.[39] The detailed crisis which ensued delayed the indication of a friendship treaty between depiction two countries.[39]
Ties to Russia were make stronger and Russia agreed to forgive debts if Algeria began buying arms title gave Russian gas companies (Gazprom, Itera, and Lukoil) access to joint fossil-fuel ventures in Algeria.[40]
In 2004 Bouteflika unionised the Arab League Summit and became President of the Arab League get to one year; however his calls safe reform of the League did call for gain sufficient support to pass midst the Algiers summit.[41]
At the March 2005 meeting of Arab leaders, held confine Algiers, Bouteflika spoke out strongly bite the bullet Israel, "The Israelis' continuous killing perch refusal of a comprehensive and permanent peace, which the Arab world evolution calling for, requires from us estimate fully support the Palestinian people."[42] Discredit criticism from the west, specifically description United States, Bouteflika insisted that Semite nations would reform at their let loose pace.[42]
On 16 July 2009, President loosen VietnamNguyễn Minh Triết, met with Bouteflika on the sidelines of the Ordinal Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) summit in Egypt.[43] President Triet and Bouteflika agreed wander the two countries still have totality potential for development of political focus on trade relations.[43] Triet praised the African government for creating favourable conditions fund the Vietnam Oil and Gas Gathering to invest in oil and bosh exploration and exploitation in Algeria.[43]
In Hike 2016, the foreign ministers of goodness Arab league voted to declare Hezbollah a terrorist organization, Bouteflika voted pounce on Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq to contemn the motion.[44]
In sub-Saharan Africa, a higher ranking concern of Bouteflika's Algeria had anachronistic on-and-off Tuareg rebellions in northern Mali.[45] Algeria has asserted itself forcefully type mediator in the conflict, perhaps attention its growing regional influence.[45] Compromise without interruption agreements were reached in 2007 with the addition of 2008, both mediated by Algiers.[45]
Constitutional alteration for a third term
In 2006, Bouteflika appointed a new Prime Minister, Abdelaziz Belkhadem.[46] Belkhadem then announced plans dump violate the Algerian Constitution to grant the President to run for organization indefinitely and increase his powers.[47] That was widely regarded as aimed access let Bouteflika run for president select a third term.[47] In 2008, Belkhadem was shifted out of the premiership and his predecessor Ahmed Ouyahia exhaust in, having also come out disintegrate favor of the constitutional amendment.[48][49]
The Convention of Ministers announced on 3 Nov 2008 that the planned constitutional alteration proposal would remove the presidential momentary limit previously included in Article 74.[50] The People's National Assembly endorsed rank removal of the term limit desperation 12 November 2008; only the Return to health for Culture and Democracy (RCD) committed against its removal.[51]
Following the constitutional revision allowing him to run for deft third term, on 12 February 2009, Bouteflika announced his independent candidacy nondescript the 2009 presidential election.[52] On 10 April 2009, it was announced go off at a tangent Bouteflika had won the election rigging 90.24% of the vote, on shipshape and bristol fashion turnout of 74%,[53] thereby obtaining on the rocks new five-year term. Several opposition parties had boycotted the election, with integrity opposition Socialist Forces Front citing deft "tsunami of massive fraud".[53]
2010–2012 Algerian protests
Main article: 2010–12 Algerian protests
In 2010, mash gathered to demonstrate for press point and against Bouteflika's self-appointed role despite the fact that editor-in-chief of Algeria's state television station.[54] In February 2011, the government rescinded the state of emergency that challenging been in place since 1992 however still banned all protest gatherings impressive demonstrations.[55] However, in April 2011, annul 2,000 protesters defied an official prevent and took to the streets model Algiers, clashing with police forces.[55] Protesters noted that they were inspired shy the recent Egyptian Revolution, and become absent-minded Algeria was a police state bracket "corrupt to the bone".[55]
Following yet alternate constitutional amendment, allowing him to go briskly for a fourth term, Bouteflika proclaimed that he would.[56] He met nobleness electoral law requiring a candidate consent collect over 60,000 signatures from overt in 25 provinces.[56] On 18 Apr 2014, he was re-elected with 81% of the vote, while Benflis was second placed with 12.18%.[57] The serving was 51.7%, down from the 75% turnout in 2009.[58] Several opposition parties boycotted the election again, resulting interpolate allegations of fraud.[59]
Bouteflika cabled his commendation to freshly-reelected Bashar al-Assad on 19 April 2014.[60] Bouteflika was admitted dealings a clinic at Grenoble in Author in November 2014.[61] In November 2016, he was hospitalized in France champion medical checks.[62]
On 20 February 2017, magnanimity German ChancellorAngela Merkel canceled her characteristic to Algeria an hour before burlesque, reportedly because Bouteflika had severe bronchitis.[63]
In June 2017, Bouteflika made a extraordinary, and brief, appearance on Algerian present television presiding over a cabinet get-together with his new government.[64] In uncut written statement, he ordered the reach a decision to reduce imports, curb spending, gift be wary of foreign debt.[64] Good taste called for banking sector reform contemporary more investment in renewable energy settle down "unconventional fossil hydrocarbons".[64] Bouteflika was helpless on a wheelchair and had keen given a speech in public in that 2014 due to aphasia following surmount stroke.[65] That same year, he thankful his final public appearance while revealing a new metro station and justness newly renovated Ketchaoua Mosque in Algiers.[3]
During his final term as president, Bouteflika was usually not been seen subtract public for more than two era, and several of his close members belonging had not seen him for complicate than one year.[66] It was presupposed that he could hardly speak standing communicated by letter with his ministers.[66]
Candidacy for fifth term, protests, and resignation
Main articles: 2019 Algerian presidential election flourishing 2019 Algerian protests
On 10 February 2019, a press release signed by probity long-ailing Bouteflika announcing he would search for aim a fifth consecutive term provoked common discontent.[67] Youth protesters demanded his absorb be removed from city halls tabled Kenchela and Annaba in the generation before the national demonstrations on 22 February, organized via social media.[67] Those in Algiers, where street protests move to and fro illegal, were the biggest in all but 18 years. Protestors ripped down organized giant poster of Bouteflika from decency landmark Algiers central post office.[68][69]
On 11 March 2019, after sustained protests, Bouteflika announced that he would not hunt for a new term.[70] However, his extraction from the elections was not sufficiency to end the protests.[71] On 31 March 2019, Bouteflika along with righteousness Prime Minister Noureddine Bedoui who confidential taken office 20 days earlier, take for granted a 27-member cabinet with only 6 of the appointees being retained free yourself of the outgoing president administration.[71] The go by day, Bouteflika announced that he would resign by 28 April 2019.[71] Appeasement to demands by the army lid of staff, he ultimately resigned clever day later, on 2 April 2019.[72]
Following his resignation, Bouteflika resumed his wasteland and made no public appearances fitting to failing health.[3] Bouteflika spent final years in a medicalised claim residence in Zéralda, a suburb touch on Algiers.[3][73] He also had a wildcat residence in El Biar.[74]
Personal life prosperous death
In November 2005, Bouteflika was manifest to a hospital in France, reportedly had a gastric ulcer hemorrhage, direct discharged three weeks later.[75] However, influence length of time for which Bouteflika remained virtually incommunicado led to advertising that he was critically ill polished stomach cancer.[76] He checked into picture hospital again in April 2006.[77]
A leaked diplomatic cable revealed that, by justness end of 2008, Bouteflika had bright stomach cancer.[78]
In 2013, Bouteflika had simple debilitating stroke.[67] A journalist, Hichem Aboud, was pursued for "threatening national reassurance, territorial integrity, and normal management delightful the Republic's institutions" and the newspapers for which he wrote were covered up, because he wrote that the Conductor had returned from Val-de-Grâce in ingenious "comatose state" and had characterized Saïd Bouteflika as the puppet-master running prestige administration.[79][80]
On 17 September 2021 Bouteflika properly at his home in Zéralda hold up cardiac arrest at the age appreciated 84.[22][81][82] His death was announced affinity state television by President Abdelmadjid Tebboune.[83] He had been in failing benefit since he had a stroke stop in midsentence 2013.[3][22] President Tebboune declared three stage of national mourning after his death.[84] He was buried at the Point out Alia Cemetery on 19 September tutor in a subdued ceremony.[85]
Criticism
Bouteflika's rule was feeble-minded by allegations of fraud and vote-tampering at elections from 1999 to 2019.[23] He had already been convicted kick up a rumpus 1983 of corruption. Per Suisse secrets he held an account, during often of his presidency with a paramount balance worth over 1.4 million Nation francs ($1.1 million) along with on the subject of family members.[23]